STRATEGIES TO PREVENT ENVIRONMENTAL BORNE DISEASES IN THREE INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN DURBAN: KWAZULU-NATAL
—Maria A. Smith, DSN, RN, CCRN, School of Nursing *et. al.

Poor sanitation and hygiene in combination with unsafe water potentiate the transmission of environmental diseases. These result in increased morbidity and mortality. Significant environmental problems in the informal settlements were identified using a community diagnosis process, which included surveys of residents. Analysis revealed numerous reported public health issues which included indiscrimate disposal of feces using public open space and storm drains; dumping solid waste into streets or public open spaces increasing the risk of pest infestations, and injuries and poisonings, especially among children, cockroach, rat/mice and fly infestations and use of unsafe water for drinking and food preparation. A community-based intervention (PARTNERS) used a theoretical perspective of capacity building and empowerment, to address reported public health issues related to safe water/sanitation and hygiene.
Success of the project hinged on promotion of techniques that facilitated empowerment of participants and promoted behavior change were crucial. This was achieved through the selection of key community women from each informal settlement to serve as Program Leaders (N=3) and Peer Educators (N=24). Program Leader Training was achieved in a 5-day mentor/mentee workshop that allowed education, demonstration and return demonstration of critical information. A second 5-day workshop was utilized for Peer Educators where Community Leaders assumed the teaching role for Peer Educators under the watchful eye of the U.S. mentor. Following these intense 2-week educational sessions, Peer Educators returned to their community where they held instructional programs (N=16 programs in each settlement). Program participants then shared information with community neighbors in an informal verbal dialogue.
Intervention strategies utilized in educational sessions included the use of culturally relevant materials. These materials were specifically targeted the predominant Zulu culture. Hard copy information included manuals with step-by-step instructions. Glo germ kits were utilized to facilitate visualization of the unseen hazards of improper hand washing. Laminated posters were utilized to provide a structured format for information, related to specific environmental borne infectious diseases. Health education strategies incorporated the use of specifically designed stickers, which demonstrated safe water/sanitation and hygiene practices, which went to1467 households.
Educational sessions were designed to facilitate retention of material and promote behavior change. Role-playing sessions provided an opportunity for participants to interpret and validate understanding of presented material. Pre/post questionnaires validated an increased knowledge level for participants regarding safe water/sanitation and proper hygiene techniques. This project utilized interventions that clustered around three major areas of emphasis that need to be addressed in future projects: (a) continued promotion of safe water practices, (b) water access through the projection of accurate water needs inclusive of informal settlements and (c) sanitation action plans inclusive of community resident education and mobilization.

* Hari P. Garbharran, Ph.D.,Martha J. Edwards, Ed.D., Peggy O'Hara Murdock, Ph.D.,
Johnny L. Lutchmiah, University of Durban Westville, South Africa, Neeta Somers-Sookhan, Pinetown and District Office of Dept. of Welfare, South Africa

DETERMINATION OF ANTHROPOMETRIC ASSESSMENT AND LIFE SATISFACTION OUTCOMES FOR OLDER ADULTS PARTICIPATING IN A PLANNED RESISTANCE TRAINING EXERCISE PROGRAM HOUSED AT A COMMUNITY SENIOR CENTER
—Judy Campbell, MSN, Ed.S, RN, School of Nursing and Lisa Lewis, MS, HPER

An interdisciplinary research study was conducted between the Health and Physical Education Department, the School of Nursing and the Department of Mathematical Science at Middle Tennessee State University to explore anthropometric and life satisfaction outcomes of senior adults who participated in a planned resistance training exercise program housed at a community senior adult center. The significance of this study is tied to recent research on the importance of physical activity during the aging process. Although endurance exercise has been the more traditional means of increasing cardiovascular fitness, the American College of Sports Medicine has recommended resistance training as an important component of an overall fitness program.

This experimental research study was done as a pilot project using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Institutional support from both the community center and the university was obtained before conducting this experimental study. Subjects for this study were solicited from participants at the community senior adult center. Requirements for the participants were over 60 years of age, not actively participating in a resistance training program, and no medical limitations for participation. Twenty-one senior adults consented to participate in the experimental group and to follow the resistance training exercise program for six months. Sixteen senior adults agreed to participate as the control group. A researcher-developed demographic survey, and a validated index on life satisfaction were administered as a pre-test, post-test 1 and post test 2 to both groups. The anthropometric assessment areas compared were height, weight, BMI/body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, mid upper arm circumference, grip strength of right and left hand, sit and reach, triceps skinfold, and bone density of the heel. These were also administered as pre-test, post-test 1 and post-test 2.

T-test results using SPSS produced varying statistical results on the anthropometric measurements and the life satisfaction index. Areas that were statistically significant at the p<0.05 for both men and women in the experimental group when compared to the men and women in the control group from pre-test to post-test2 were changes in mid-arm circumference, leg strength, and sit and reach values. These research findings were consistent with similar studies conducted on older adults who participated in resistant training programs while institutionalized. It was important to discover that significant changes can also occur among older adults who participate in a program housed in a community based setting.

Future interdisciplinary collaborations are planned based on the positive outcomes from this interdisciplinary research project.

COMMUNITY HEALTH DIAGNOSIS OF THREE INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA, KWAZULU-NATAL PROVINCE
—M. Jo Edwards, Ed.D., Adams Chair of Excellence in Health Care Services, et al.*

The Durban region is characterized by rapid population growth rate spawning an increasing growth rate of informal settlements. The sprawling informal settlements on city peripheries, in which those in dire need of housing have accommodated themselves, are often referred to as squatter communities, shantytowns, slums, and other ethnic related descriptors.

In general, shacks are constructed from miscellaneous material and reflect the lack of basic services and infrastructure. Problems in these areas include poverty, lack of portable water and sanitation, inadequate health and education services and other site-specific habitation problems

Housing quality is well known to be strongly associated with health status. The shelter itself, carries the potential for various elements of housing, for example: water, sanitation, food storage and preparation facilities, the presence of household pests such as rats and cockroaches, and the quality of the serious health risks and poor quality of life among occupants. Lack of basic environmental health services have been associated with a wide range of ill health outcomes, including diarrheal diseases including cholera, respiratory infections, skin infections, injuries and poisoning, and chronic diseases.

As the preliminary phase of a community based health education program, PARTNERS, a community diagnosis process was undertaken of 3 informal settlements. As part of the process, an interview survey was administered which included demographics; housing conditions; access to basic environmental health services and health status. Interviews were undertaken in a total of 300 shacks in 3 informal settlements in close proximity to the University of Durban/Westville

Fourth year graduate honor students undertaking the Environmental Development Program at UDW who had received training in interview techniques and the research process prior to fieldwork conducted the interviews. The interviewees spoke both English and Zulu and were familiar with the communities. Respondents were defined as a resident of at least 16 years of age, who was well versed with local environmental conditions and the health status of household members.

* Hari P. Garbharran, Ph.D. , Geosciences, Peggy O'Hara Murdock, Ph.D., HPERS, Maria A. Smith, Ph.D., School of Nursing, Johnny L. Lutchmiah, University of Durban Westville, South Africa: Ben Dziegielewski, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Brij Maharaj and Riyad Ismail, University of Natal, South Africa:

DEFECT MODES AND TUNNELING IN PERIODIC ACOUSTIC FILTERS
—William M. Robertson, Ph.D., Department of Physics and Astronomy

A current topic of much research interest concerns the creation of photonic and acoustic band gap structures that can manipulate light or sound waves in much the same way that semiconductors manipulate electrons. The aim of these research efforts is to create materials with suitably engineered properties that can mold the flow of light or sound in order to create useful devices. Here I present results of experiments on two simple acoustic band gap systems created from PVC plumbing pipe. The acoustic filters are created by arranging pipes in one of two configurations: a long pipe with a periodically spaced array of dangling side branches and a series of equal length segments of alternating small and large diameters. The filtering characteristics were determined by measuring the transmission of acoustic impulses through the arrays and comparing them to the impulse transmission through an equivalent length of straight pipe. The results were in agreement with simple theory. Two particular phenomena were then explored-(i) the creation of narrow transmission bands-so-called defect modes-within the forbidden transmission region and (ii) the anomalously fast tunneling speed (group velocities much greater than the speed of sound) of pulses whose frequency lies within the forbidden transmission region.

AN UNUSUAL POLYUNSATURATED C27 HYDROCARBON FROM THE MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE PYROCYSTIS LUNULA
—Jeffrey D. Leblond, Ph.D. Department of Biology, Peter J. Chapman, PhD. US EPA (NHEERL), Gulf Ecology Division

Studies of the lipids of different algal species have revealed a diversity of fatty acids, sterols, and hydrocarbons, of which several are considered useful biomarkers, with potential for characterizing phytoplankton community composition. To extend this approach and characterize the lipids and lipid classes of laboratory-cultured marine dinoflagellates, a silicic acid fractionation system was developed to obtain compositional data for sterols and hydrocarbons of over forty species. In the course of this work, a neutral fraction obtained from a lipid extract of Pyrocystis lunula was found to contain an abundant quantity of a long-chain polyunsaturated hydrocarbon, along with previously reported keto-steranes. The hydrocarbon molecular weight (364) and retention time obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis suggested a C27 compound, which was confirmed by reduction (Adams catalyst) to give the straight chain alkane, n-heptacosane. The presence of eight double bonds was established by deuteration to give a product with molecular weight 396. While the positions of double bonds have not been established, the carbon number of this hydrocarbon and the number of double bonds strongly suggest formation by decarboxylation of the recently described, long-chain polyunsaturated C28 fatty acid shown to be a constituent of phospholipids. This hydrocarbon was not found in any other genus of the examined dinoflagellates, and appears to be one of the first identifications of a hydrocarbon in this class of algae. The function(s) of this compound in P. lunula is currently unclear.

USING HARDWARE MATERIALS TO MODEL THE MOLE, STOICHIOMETRY,
AND LIMITING REACTANT IN A LABORATORY EXERCISE FOR INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY STUDENTS
—Tammy J. Melton, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry, Larry A. Scheich, PhD St. Norbert College, DePere, WI

Teaching about matter and fundamental chemical relationships is hampered by the physical reality of the size of atoms and molecules. These smallest particles of matter are so tiny that it requires an astronomically large number of them to form the smallest visible object. By convention chemists count atoms and molecules in groups we call a "mole." Like a dozen or a gross, a mole is a number of items, but an astonishingly large number indeed : 6.02 x 1023. The problem of teaching this and related concepts to the introductory chemistry student is a perennial one. For this laboratory exercise, pieces of machine-crafted hardware - nuts, bolts, screws, washers - were selected to represent individual atoms, which the students could handle, manipulate, and most importantly, weigh. Since the materials are manufactured to be identical, their masses do not vary significantly for a specific part. In the exercise, the students construct a model Periodic Table for the parts, assemble molecules, and predict mass results for various reactions. At the end of the exercise, real chemical examples are used to shift the students' thinking from the concrete model to the unseen atomic realm.

THE MEANING OF MONEY AND LEISURE AND COLLEGE STUDENTS' CHOICE OF ACADEMIC MAJOR
—Peter H. Cunningham, Re.D., Eric Frauman, Re.D., Mark Ivy, Ph.D.,
   Tara Perry, Ph.D. & Victoria Shelar, Ph.D.,
   Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Safety

University students' choice of academic major is often the first concrete step toward their future occupation. Previous research (see Leso & Neimeyer, 1991; Senn, 1984; Simpson, 2001) has investigated variables affecting students' choice of academic major including gender, race, self-concept, and personal values. Factors such as perceptions of labor market variables, vocational interest, and career status have also been found to influence choice of academic major (Hu, 1995;Wallace & Walker, 1990). Two of the factors thought to influence occupational commitment are the role of monetary compensation (Lawler, 1981) and the value individuals place on their leisure (Crandall & Slivken, 1980). However a review of the literature provides no evidence that these variables have been investigated in relation to the choosing of an academic major.

Depending on an individual's attitude, money may be viewed as a motivator or simply as a hygiene factor. Tang (1992, 1995) developed the Money Ethic Scale (MES) to determine the value people place on money or their "money ethic". The MES has been utilized in a variety of settings and with a variety of occupational groups (Tang, 1995; Tang & Gilbert, 1995; Tang & Kim, 1999). In much the same way as the Money Ethic Scale shows the extent to which people value money, the Leisure Attitude Scale (Crandall & Slivken, 1978), measures individuals' "leisure ethic".

The purpose of this research was to investigate and confirm or reject the common perception that students who choose to pursue careers in certain occupational fields (i.e., teaching, or recreation and leisure services) are motivated less by concerns about issues of monetary compensation than students preparing for careers in certain other occupational fields (business). This study also examined the relationship of a student's attitudes toward money (money ethic) to their attitudes toward leisure (leisure ethic) and the effect these attitudes have on their choice of major.

Using the Money Ethic Scale (Tang, 1992, 1995, 2001) and the Leisure Ethic Scale (Crandell & Slivken, 1988) a sample of university students majoring in recreation & leisure services, business administration, and teacher education will be measured to determine if significant differences exist in their attitudes toward money and leisure based upon their choice of major, year in school, sex, age, and marital status. Data will be gathered using a self report questionnaire administered to students enrolled in randomly selected MTSU classes with the prefix of REC, ELED, SPED, MGMT, and MKT during the last two weeks of February. Data will be analyzed and descriptive statistics and frequencies will be calculated for all variables. Mean scores for money ethic and leisure ethic scales will be calculated and group comparisons made based upon the descriptive variables of age, sex, marital status, years in school, and academic major. Regression analysis will be carried out to identify possible relationships between student's money ethic, leisure ethic, and choice of academic major.

THE MAINTENANCE OF SEX IN PARASITES: THE RATCHET AND THE RED QUEEN
—R. Stephen Howard, Ph.D. Department of Biology

The adaptive significance of sexual reproduction remains as an unsolved problem in evolutionary biology. One promising hypothesis is that frequency-dependent selection by parasites selects for sexual reproduction in hosts, but it is unclear whether such selection on hosts would feed back to select for sexual reproduction in parasites. Here we used individual-based computer simulations to explore this possibility. Specifically, we tracked the dynamics of asexual parasites following their introduction into sexual parasite populations for different combinations of parasite virulence and transmission. Our results suggest that coevolutionary interactions with hosts would generally lead to a stable coexistence between sexual parasites and a single parasite clone. However, if multiple mutations to asexual reproduction were allowed, we found that the interaction led to the accumulation of clonal diversity in the asexual parasite population, which led to the eventual extinction of the sexual parasites. Thus, coevolution with sexual hosts may not be generally sufficient to select for sex in parasites. We then allowed for the stochastic accumulation of mutations in the finite parasite populations (Muller's ratchet). We found that, for higher levels of parasite virulence and transmission, the population bottlenecks resulting from host-parasite coevolution led to the rapid accumulation of mutations in the clonal parasites and their elimination from the population. This result may explain the observation that sexual reproduction is more common in parasitic animals than in their free-living relatives.

EFFECTS OF FACILITY CHARACTERISTICS AND STAFFING RATIOS ON NURSING HOME INSPECTION OUTCOMES
—J. Brandon Wallace, Ph.D. Department of Sociology and Anthropology

Using data from state nursing home inspections obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, this paper investigates the effect of select nursing facility characteristics and staffing ratios on state certification inspection outcomes. Multiple linear regression is used to assess the effect of facility characteristics on staffing ratios, then to assess their effect, along with staffing ratios, on the number, severity, and scope of regulatory violations at a facility's most recent inspection.

Initial findings indicate that facility size, occupancy rates, Medicaid certification only (as opposed to being certified for Medicare only or both Medicaid and Medicare), being part of chain, and having only a resident council (as opposed to having a family council only or both a resident and family council) have significant negative effects on staffing ratios (staff hours per patient), while Medicare certification only, being government owned, and being non-profit significantly increase staffing ratios. Further, facility size, Medicaid certification only, Medicare certification only, being located in a hospital, being part of chain, having Resident Councils only, and having Family Councils only all significantly increase the number, scope, and severity of regulatory violations, while increased occupancy, being government owned, being non-profit, and higher RN staffing ratios decreased the number, scope, and severity of violations.

The findings support previous research indicating that large, for-profit facilities have lower staffing ratios and more regulatory violations than government owned and non-profit facilities.

METHODS DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DETECTION OF TRACE METABOLITES FROM THE BIODEGRADATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS BY YEASTS
—Ngee-Sing Chong, Ph. D., Beng-Guat Ooi, Ph. D. & Huiyon Kim, Student Department of Chemistry

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in conjunction with solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) has been used to characterize the biodegradation products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at trace levels in yeast cultures. The metabolites of PAHs such as phenanthrene and chrysene are characterized and compared to those produced by bacterial biodegradation performed in other laboratories. Derivatization techniques based on various reagents including trimethylchlorosilane, acetic anhydride, and trifluoroacetic anhydride have been developed for the analysis of the hydroxy and dihydrodiol derivatives of the PAHs. The extraction efficiencies of different SPME fiber coatings such as Carboxene™, polydimethylsiloxane, and polyacrylate will be evaluated. The advantages of using SPME for the study of PAH biodegradation are the ability to sample both the headspace and the liquid media, the "non-intrusive" nature of SPME or its adaptability for metabolite monitoring, as well as the low detection limits afforded by the SPME preconcentration of analytes prior to GC-MS analysis.

BOOKS ABOUT WAR, TO BE READ BY MEN: RECONSTRUCTING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR IN NOVELS BY STARK YOUNG, WILLIAM FAULKNER, AND SHELBY FOOTE
—Robert C. Petersen, Ph.D. Department of English

The narrative and rhetorical methods employed by Stark Young, William Faulkner, and Shelby Foote to reconstruct the Civil War in So Red the Rose (1934), The Unvanquished (1936), and Shiloh (1952) demonstrate each writer's attempt to give historical events embodied in fiction a convincing form, thereby conferring on them-if only temporarily and provisionally-the status and authority of history itself. All three books deal, at some length, with events taking place in Tennessee and north Mississippi early in 1862.

All, therefore, depict Shiloh, a battle regarded by historians as pivotal in the history of the Civil War. By focusing on a single citation from each novel, each dealing with the events preceding the battle at Shiloh and the military action there itself, it becomes clear that Faulkner, Young, and Foote, in very different ways, fuse seemingly objective narrative observation of historical events and fictionalized imaginative insight into them. All three thereby render accounts of the past in the form that Andrew Lytle has called an objectified myth. They dramatize the reasons, individual and cultural, the past remains alive in the minds of generations who did not experience events directly. Like human memory, the narrative of a real historical novel places the personal histories of fictional characters and, through them, of readers, within the context of history. And the reverse is also true. By the actions of novelists like Foote, Faulkner, and Young, regional and national history is reaffirmed by its placement within the context of the personal histories of fictional characters. The tension between the two statements suggests that history is a tool for the interpretation of a lie-one often to be preferred to objective fact. And fiction is a tool for the reinterpretation of the lies that comprise history and the affirmation of a subjective truth aspiring to the condition of objectified myth.

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CELLULOSE-DEGRADING BACTERIA
—L. Ray and J. M. Zamora, Ph.D. Department of Biology

Cellulose and products made from cellulose are major constituents of landfills. Because of the rather complex structure of cellulose, it is subject to slow biological degradation. Paper mills also have disposal problems with byproducts from the paper making process. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify efficient cellulose-degrading organisms. Several laboratory strains of organisms were plated onto thermophilic cellulose agar and minimal salts cellulose agar to determine the selectivity of the media. Both media were inhibitory when compared to tryptic soy agar. Soil and paper mill samples were inoculated onto thermophilic cellulose agar and minimal salts cellulose agar. Bacteria capable of growing on either agar were isolated and identified to species. The most efficient cellulose-degraders were determined using biometry (CO2 evolution) and statistical analysis. Twenty-six bacteria were tested and the most efficient degraders were found to be Salmonella enteriditis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas putida and Klebsiella oxytoca. These natural isolates may be useful in the biodegradation of cellulose.

INDIVIDUAL RECOGNITION IN PIGEONS: DISCRIMINATION AND
GENERALIZATION OF FACIAL PORTRAITS OF PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA)
—Donald F. Kendrick, Ph.D. Department of Psychology

Birds use both visual and auditory cues to recognize members of their own species. Blue Jays use both types of cues, brown-headed cowbirds use only visual cues. Mammals tend to use olfactory and visual cues in individual recognition, while humans can use a variety of cues including bodily movements. Primate's recognition of individuals is primarily based on facial information and there appears to be a specialized brain area dedicated to processing facial information. In our experiments we sought evidence that pigeons also use facial information to recognize individuals. Four pigeons were trained to discriminate slide photographs of the head and shoulders of two different pigeons. They were then transferred to novel photographs of the same two pigeons and readily discriminated between the pictured individuals. Next, we blacked out various facial features, such as the eyes, the beaks, the entire head, in various combinations in order to determine the critical facial features pigeon use to recognize one another. Results indicated that pigeons use a variety of static visual facial cues in combinations, with more cues promoting greater recognition accuracy. There is some evidence that pigeons may also use nonfacial cues such as feather textures. Current research is investigating this possibility.

SINGLE MOTHERS, WELFARE NARRATIVES, AND THE GROWTH OF SOCIAL VIOLENCE
—Kenneth Lancaster, Ph.D. & Maggie Fontanesi-Seime, Ph.D  Department of Social Work

Since 1996 the impact of welfare reform has largely been measured by the drop in welfare rolls and in anecdotal evidence exhibiting individual cases of success. We now need to more fully explore the broader social costs of welfare reform. This paper reports the results of an exploratory study on how some low-income single mothers experience the social service system since the 1996 welfare reform act. Related to those experiences, the paper will also include an analysis of the dominant welfare reform narratives or stories that have come to characterize the politics of policy in welfare provision. The reform narrative includes the basic assumptions of policy makers about the life and experiences of welfare clients or "customers." Government claims and related public perceptions of the impact of welfare reform have been that the lives of low-income single mothers and their children have improved as the mothers have entered labor markets via various "welfare to work" programs. Other data suggest that many have experienced higher levels of social and economic risk. While the stress of emotional struggles can be a source for domestic violence within the family, violence against single mothers and their children is most prevalent in the social costs they pay to the "vulture of poverty" and in weakened community protections against actual physical violence. This risk of violence is found in both the family and the workplace. In the "welfare to work" programs described in this paper attention is given to shaping the beliefs and behaviors of mostly single mothers to accept and not resist the greater social risks they face. The specific state level reform program discussed in this paper ("Families First"), offers an illustration of the concept of "governmentality," an analytic tool developed by Michael Foucault. This model of analysis involves the detailed study of the concrete social mechanisms of behavior management that prevail under the conditions of modernity. The content analysis of interviews and surveys conducted with single mothers using welfare services, public state documents, training materials, participant observations at public agency advisory counsels, conferences and training sessions are used to illustrate the mechanisms of "governmentality." These mechanisms constitute and re-enforce the dominant narratives in welfare systems that underlie the growth of social violence.

OVERVIEW OF THE US-SOUTH AFRICA SQUATTER SETTLEMENT RESEARCH IN DURBAN
—Hari P. Garbharran, Ph.D. *et al   Department of Geosciences

The US-South Africa research is a partnership between Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU), University of Durban-Westville (UDW), and Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). This long-term (September 1999-August 2002) research initiative was funded by the Liaison Office for University Cooperation and Development (ALO), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the White House Education for Development and Democracy Initiative (EDDI). This partnership was a combination of Part A, "A Sustainable Environmental Management of Informal Settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa," and Part B, "A Health Outreach Program in HIV/AIDS Prevention for Sustainable Management of Major Public Health Problems in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". The research team completed all components of the research on schedule and the project outcomes to date include the following: 300 residents in three squatter communities survey in April 2000; UDW staff member trained in the US on IWR-MAIN water modeling software in November 2000; capacity building including sharing of water modeling software and literature with Durban Metro Water in 2000 and sharing of research database information with research partners, community based organizations, non-governmental organizations, and policy makers in Durban (2000-01); selection of community and peer educators (2001); development of training materials (2001); two week training workshop held at UDW (2001); completion of community education activities by peer educators and community leaders in three squatter communities; 7 articles published in campus and local papers and magazines (2001); one TV interview related to the research project (2001); 19 research papers presented/published (local, regional, national, and international), 2000-2001; US/South Africa partnership website developed and online (2001), full web-based course developed and offered (2000-2002); UDW computer planned (2000) and to be implemented (2002); IWR-MAIN presentations done in Durban, Cape Town and Johannesburg (2001); follow up focus group session with community leaders (2001).

The research team completed all components of the research on schedule and presentation highlights of the project include: 7 articles published in campus and local papers and magazines (2001); one TV interview related to the research project (2001); 19 research papers presented/published (local, regional, national, and international), 2000-2001. Additionally the US/South Africa partnership website was developed and came online (2001), and a full web-based course was developed and is being offered. Future plans include the design of a long-term research agenda by MTSU and UDW partners to address the issue of improving potable water accessibility and usage in informal communities and continuation of the HIV/AIDS health education program in other informal communities in KwaZulu-Natal.

* Martha J. Edwards, Ed.D., Peggy O'Hara Murdock, Ph.D., Maria A. Smith, Ph.D., Johnny L. Lutchmiah, University of Durban-Westville, South Africa and Ben Dziegielewski, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

AMERICA'S FIRST NEWSPAPER LEAK: TOM PAINE AND THE DISCLOSURE OF SECRET FRENCH AID TO THE UNITED STATES
—Larry L. Burriss, Ph.D. College of Mass Communication

The survival of a democratic society depends upon an informed and enlightened public; a public that is aware not only of day-to-day events that may or may not have a direct impact on its life, but that is also aware of the larger issues facing it. Joel Feinberg, for example, has said,
[There is a] public interest in discovery and dissemination of all information that can have any bearing on public policy, and of all opinions about what public policy should be. The dangers that come from neglecting that interest are enormous at all times . . . . And the more dangerous the times - the more serious the questions before the country's decision makers (and especially when there are questions of war and peace) - the more important it is to keep open all the possible avenues to truth and wisdom. ("Limits to the Free Expression of Ideas," in Joel Feinberg and Hyman Gross, Philosophy of Law, (Belmont, Calif.: Dickenson, 1975) 150-151).
In the American experience, it was Thomas Paine, corset-maker, bridge-builder, pamphlet-publisher and inveterate champion of freedom, who first tested the limits of publishing a particular class of information, namely, national security information. It is thus the purpose of this study to examine a little-known incident in American journalism history: Thomas Paine's disclosure of information concerning secret French aid to the United States to the newspapers in 1778 and 1779.

This project proceeds along two fronts. The first is an examination of the official political reactions to Paine's disclosures. This includes the reaction of the French to the publication of diplomatic information, as well as the subsequent Congressional investigation and resignations of both Paine (who was, in all but title, minister of foreign affairs) and Henry Laurens, the president of the Continental Congress.
The second front is that of the public reaction to the disclosures, as evidenced by newspaper coverage of the initial disclosures, as well as follow-up coverage of those involved.

The procedure for conducting this research was to examine newspapers, original letters, official documents and Congressional records from the 1776 to 1782 period, with particular emphasis on the period of December 1778 through January 1779. The result of this effort is a detailed look at an episode that has all the trappings of a modern government scandal: secret weapons deals, laundered money, break-ins, stolen documents, perjury, espionage, violence, conflict of interest, and the resignation of two top government officials. All that was missing were drugs, sex and a 1779 version of the paper shredder.

This historical study offers a look at what turns out to be a not-so-new journalistic phenomenon: the use of newspaper leaks by government officials to change policy, embarrass political enemies and promote private programs.

TUTOR PARTICIPATION IN THE FACULTY RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM
—Jimmie Cain, Ph.D. Director, University Writing Center

One of the most enduring debates among writing center administrators is whether to build a staff composed of student tutors or professional tutors. In my first writing center job, I supervised a staff of professional tutors, people who had either retired from teaching and writing/editing positions or who were adjuncts/graduate teaching assistants. Perhaps because of their ages and experiences in education and writing, this was a very dedicated and efficient group of tutors. Now I work solely with student tutors, M.A. candidates who are just beginning their graduate studies and, for the most part, have had no teaching experience. When I first assumed my present position, I expected not only to spend a great deal more time training my staff how to tutor, but also I anticipated having to confront such behavioral problems as absenteeism and immaturity. However, I have discovered that the training has not been as onerous as I anticipated. Moreover, the tutors have proven to be virtually as professional and responsible as the staff at my previous position. This is so because my present staff, though younger and less knowledgeable, brings to their work a great diversity of experiences that helps them both to empathize with tutees and to convince tutees that they have valuable writing guidance to offer.

Associate Director Kelly McKee and I encouraged the tutors to consider adding their voices to the debate by sharing their thoughts on the issue of what makes for a successful tutor. Four of my present staff (Patricia Baines, Emily Covington, Paige Klein, and Joanne Regensburg) and a tutor from the previous year (Laura Davis) accepted our challenge and submitted a proposal titled "How a Writing Center Can Be More Successful by Having Tutors with Diverse Backgrounds and Experiences" to the 2002 International Writing Centers Association Conference. The proposal was accepted, and they will deliver the presentation as a panel in April. Associate Director McKee and I plan to work with them to reshape their oral remarks into an essay for submission to The Writing Center Newsletter.

For the Faculty Research Symposium, I propose a 20-30 minute panel in which the IWCA participants share their presentation, discuss how it was received at the conference, and outline how they hope to elaborate on their findings. I would introduce the panelists and, with the assistance of Associate Director McKee, explain our strategies for transforming the presentation into a publishable essay.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF NOWHERE
—R. David Shaul, M.F.A. Department of Art

My recent paintings concern "the geography of nowhere" a term and concept which is examined in a book of the same title by James Howard Kunstler. My subjects examine the emergent landscape of our post-industrial world, where nature is relentlessly re-ordered according to human priorities. The division between the natural and manufactured world has broken down, leaving a land of increasingly anonymous and interchangeable places. Transformed by human need, desire, and habit, the landscape loses its sense of place, and exists beyond our frame of reference.

Oil painting is a meditative process, slow and somewhat paradoxical considering the
incidental nature of my subjects, which originates mostly in momentary observations from a moving vehicle. I consider the driver's seat a natural vantage point from which to view a landscape which has been primarily altered by the automobile itself. In many of my nocturnal pieces, the automobile even provides the source of illumination for the subject.

The effects of lighting are an essential means I use to describe the environment. Natural light unifies the landscape; artificial light isolates and fragments. Utility, security, and commercial lighting impose an arbitrary emphasis on space. The effect can be numbing, discordant, and sometimes starkly theatrical. There can even be a strange beauty in these random places. But it is never far from alienation.

INVESTIGATION OF CRUSTAL AND UPPER MANTLE SOURCE REGION PROCESSES ON THE GEOCHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF LAVAS AND PYROCLASTIC ROCKS AT MOUNT HOOD VOLCANO, CASCADE RANGE VOLCANIC ARC, U.S.A.
—Warner Cribb, PhD, Beverly Buchanan, & Brandy Sue Sanders, Students Department of Geosciences

An on-going petrologic and geochemical investigation of lava and pyroclastic deposits at Mt. Hood Volcano, Oregon, Cascade Range volcanic arc is underway to establish the nature of processes which occur within the sub-volcanic plumbing system and the upper mantle magma source region. Mount Hood is of interest because it is a large composite volcano (elevation = 3425 m) consisting of lava flows and pyroclastic rocks erupted over a ~700,000-year period. Located only ~40 miles east of Portland, Oregon, it is potentially one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the Cascade Range. A detailed understanding of the conditions under which Mt. Hood magmas form and chemically evolve is important to the overall understanding of how Cascade Range volcanoes form and erupt. Our approach is to document petrographic characteristics, mineral compositions, and variations in major- and trace-element compositions of lavas which occur as a result of fractional crystallization, magma mixing and crustal assimilation. Observed geochemical variations are quantitatively modeled to determine the relative importance of each process. In addition, the geochemical characteristics of Mt. Hood lavas are examined to better understand the nature of subduction-related processes beneath the Cascade Range. Notable is the fact that Mt. Hood lavas do not exhibit significant depletions in high field strength elements (HFSE) relative to large ion lithophile elements (LILE). Such depletions are considered characteristic of volcanic arc lavas, and commonly are attributed to the composition and activity of slab-derived aqueous fluids. Our studies show that Mt. Hood magmas did contain sufficient amounts of aqueous fluids to produce LILE/HFSE ratios typical of volcanic arc lavas. We investigate the possibility that Mt. Hood's anomalous HFSE/LILE reflect the amount and composition of subducted pelagic and continental margin sediment which potentially mixed within the upper mantle source region, rather that the composition and activity of fluids released from the subducted oceanic lithosphere. Also notable is the similarity in geochemical composition between Mt. Hood lavas and adakites, volcanic rocks derived from high pressure (~1-2 Gpa) partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. Most volcanic arc magmas are considered to originate within the subduction zone by partial melting of mantle rock overlying the subducted oceanic lithosphere. The concentrations of select major elements (Si, Al, Na) and trace elements (Sr, Y, Zr, Sm) in Mt. Hood lava and pyroclastic deposits suggest that Mt. Hood magmas are uniquely derived by a combination of subducted lithospheric melting and partial melting of mantle rock.

ARIZONA FRONTIER EDITORS: TYPESETTERS/GUNFIGHTERS: 1825-1900
—Alex Nagy, Ph.D. School of Journalism
   Jean Nagy, M.F.A. Department of Art

Frontier editors functioned in a violent society where the use of force was an accepted way of settling real or imagined disputes. The history of many Southern and Western towns of any consequence prior to, during, and after the Civil War was written with the blood of forgotten small-town country editors.

Writing in l868 in the San Francisco Argonaut, columnist Ambrose Bierce said the newspaperman was a bird always in season. Sportsmen and pot-hunters alike, he said, could with assured impunity crack a journalist's bones with a bullet or fill his skin with buckshot. Bierce said he was serious in stating that nobody in the United Sates was ever hanged for killing a journalist; public opinion would not allow it.

Some editors never had a chance to settle their disputes with irate readers in a formal manner; they were simply murdered outright on the street or in their offices. A few were seemingly killed for no apparent reason, others fell in accordance with the code duello - meetings arranged and supervised by seconds based on formal rules and guidelines. Others were brutally caned or horsewhipped for words printed in their columns.

There was also the Western code duello involving semi-formal exchanges of shots, referred to as "affrays." Under the Western code, the aggrieved party warned the person who had offended him that he should go armed and be prepared to defend himself. It was also the responsibility of the aggressor, as he neared his enemy but still out of range, to warn of his approach with the cry, "Defend yourself!" In the Southeast, the code duello was more the tradition for those who considered themselves gentlemen. As the frontier moved westward, formal dueling gave way to more informal challenges and felonious assaults, resorting to whatever weapon was handy. And sometimes what started as a duel ended in a brawl, a free-for-all with Bowie knives as well as fists, pistols, boots and finger nails. Even Mark Twain almost became involved in a duel while working on a newspaper in Virginia City, Nevada.

On the various frontiers, editors, like the pioneers before and after them, followed the trail to wherever it took them, often to a dead end when neither the railroad nor settlers arrived. Few gained any degree of wealth for their journalistic enterprises, even though they labored long and often under dangerous circumstances. Even so, they left an indelible mark on the frontier. They were the backbone of the frontier press and their influence was enormous, helping to establish a public forum for discussions vital to the implementation of the new Constitution and political practices of the young republic.

This study focuses on violence and lawlessness involving Arizona frontier editors between 1825 and 1900.

USING THE BUDDING YEAST SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE AS A MODEL ORGANISM FOR UNDERSTANDING BASIC CELLULAR PROCESSES
—Matt Elrod-Erickson, Ph.D. Department of Biology

My research has one common thread: I use the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool in trying to understand the molecular mechanisms of basic cellular processes. S. cerevisiae is an extremely attractive system because yeast are relatively inexpensive to work with, are easy to manipulate, and are amenable to genetic, molecular, and biochemical analyses. I will provide two examples of projects that I am currently working on with both masters and undergraduate students. Project 1: Protein transport through the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells consists of a series of vesicle budding, targeting, and fusion steps that deliver protein cargo from one membrane-bounded organelle to the next. Proper sorting of secretory proteins requires that cargo molecules be segregated from resident proteins as transport vesicles form. Mutations in the BST1 gene of S. cerevisiae disrupt proper sorting at the ER: a subset of secretory proteins are transported with reduced kinetics, and resident proteins leak more rapidly from the ER. BST1 encodes a resident ER membrane glycoprotein with homologs in yeast, worms, fruit flies, plants, mice and humans. Sequence analysis shows that these proteins all share a motif characteristic of lipases. Current efforts are aimed at testing the hypothesis that BST1 directly affects protein sorting into transport vesicles by altering the lipid environment in the vicinity of forming vesicles. Project 2: Cytokinesis is the essential cellular process that completes cellular reproduction and is poorly understood at the molecular level. Once a cell has duplicated all of its essential components (organelles, cytoplasmic constituents, and the genetic material) it then physically separates these components and divides to produce two nearly identical cells via the process of cytokinesis. Current work is aimed at identifying additional molecules that function during cytokinesis. Specifically, a genetic screen is underway that should identify genes whose products disrupt the process of cytokinesis when expressed at higher than normal levels.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF SMALL-COLLEGE ATHLETIC PROGRAMS BY ENTERING FRESHMAN ATHLETES AT NCAA D-III AND NAIA MEMBER INSTITUTIONS
—Colby B. Jubenville, Ph.D., Powell McClellan, Ph.D., Jon MacBeth, Ph.D. *et al
   Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Safety

Martin & Dixon (1991), Sevier (1991), and Marick & Hossler (1996) explored factors persuading student populations of colleges and universities to select specific institutions. However, little attention has been directed to institutional selection factors of student-athletes. Further, student-athletes attending smaller institutions often differ from those attending larger ones, since smaller institutions usually base athletic recruitment on their missions, academic and athletic talent, and recruits' potential contribution to the school. The study investigated factors influencing the selection process of 229 subjects (123 males and 106 females) from three member institutions of the Mid-South Conference (MSC), two members institutions of the Middle Atlantic Conference (MAC), and one member institution of the Centennial (ECAC) Eastern Collegiate Atlantic Conference using a modified, 25-question Student-Athlete College Choice Profile (Gabert, Hale, & Motalvo, 1999). One investigator administered the survey on each campus. The survey measured responses using a Likert scale, with a "5" score indicating "a great deal of influence," and a "1" score indicating "little or no influence." Data were analyzed by computing the mean response for each item.
For the purpose of this study the term, "Small Colleges and Universities" shall be used to refer to institutions, which operate their athletic program within the membership requirements of the National Collegiate Athletic Association - DIII (NCAA - DIII) and National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) guidelines. Overall, the three most influential selection factors were: "Degree Programs (offered by the institution)" (M=4.15), "Opportunity to Play" (M=4.02) and " Head Coach" (M=3.90). The three least influential factors were "High School Teammates" (M=1.83), "Colors" (M=1.71), and "TV Exposure" (1.66).
Top selection factors identified by males were "Head Coach" (M=4.14), "Degree Programs" (M=4.09), and "Opportunity to Play" (M=4.08). Top selection factors identified by females were "Degree Programs" (M=4.22), "Opportunity to Play" (M=3.97), and "Academic Support Services" (M=3.69). Top selection factors identified by student-athletes of higher revenue-generating sports (football, men's basketball) were "Degree Programs" (M=4.13), "Athletic Facilities" (M=4.12), and "Opportunity to Play" (M=4.10). Student-athletes of lower revenue-generating sports (tennis, golf, baseball) identified top selection factors as "Degree Programs" (M=4.17), "Opportunity to Play" (M=3.99), and "Head Coach" (M=3.85).
Data suggest that, in the small college setting, a broad academic program assists student-athlete recruitment. When hiring head coaches, small-college administrators should equally consider candidates' abilities to communicate sport-related knowledge and the institution's mission and academic programs. Finally, small-college coaches should optimize varsity athletic participation opportunities for their student-athletes by recruiting versatile athletes who will have an opportunity to contribute. Further, the data suggests that when recruiting student-athletes of higher revenue-generating sports (football, men's basketball) attractive facilities are an effective tool in the initial recruit of these perspective student-athletes.

* Benjamin D. Goss, Clemson University & Emily Vought, Cumberland College

NORTHERN NEW MEXICO PREHISTORIC QUARRIES AND XRF ANALYSES: PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENTS
—Douglas Heffington, Ph.D., Warner Cribb, Ph.D., & Lisa A. Ooten, McNair Scholar Department of    Geosciences
   Jeff Boyer and Jim Moore, Museum of New Mexico, Office of Contract Archaeology

The Office of Contract Archaeology requested that the MTSU Department of Geosciences, with the aid of the Department's McNair Student scholar, collect samples of raw material from these prehistoric quarry sites for geo-chemical analyses. X-Ray Fluorescence analyses conducted in the Department's XRF laboratory were completed on quarry and artifact samples to determine major chemical signatures of collected materials. This preliminary work was intended to establish a baseline of XRF data, thus establishing a foundation for future comparative research in prehistoric geographic patterns in the upper Rio Grande valley of northern New Mexico. Future joint research includes examination of pre-historic migration, cultural diffusion, economic-interaction spheres, and temporally and spatially changing human-land relationships within the region.

THE COMPOSITIONAL PROCESS: FORMS AND THEMATIC DEVELOPMENT
—Paul Osterfield, D.M.A. School of Music

In this presentation, I will discuss the process of composition as it pertains to my work for sinfonietta ensemble, Opaque Shadows. Specifically, I will discuss my use of form and the methods that I use to develop the themes. As a composer, my pitch language tends to be on the dissonant side, like many composers of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Although I don't use traditional tonal harmonies like Mozart, Beethoven, and Brahms, most of my overall formal structures are based on their models. My work Opaque Shadows is constructed as a seven-part rondo. In other words, there are seven sections of the composition and each odd-numbered section is based on common harmonic and melodic material. As I compose each section, I begin with a simple theme or idea, then develop it in various ways. I will discuss the methods that I use in developing the material of each section of the piece. I will begin with a tour through my compositional process for this work, then I will play a recorded performance of Opaque Shadows.

Opaque Shadows
Written for the Festival Chamber Orchestra, Cornell University. First
performance on April 9, 2000, made possible by the Sidney T. Cox Fund for
Contemporary Music.
TOP

TOWARDS PATTERNED ORGANIC OPALS
—Cynthia R. Allison, Elizabeth A. Childress, Celeste M. Matthews, and Cameron K. Gren, Marions R. Wells, Department of Biology   Andrienne C. Friedli, Department of Chemistry

Recent activity in the area of photonic bandgap materials has focused on synthetic colloidal crystals dubbed opals¹ or inverse opals² with uniform or controlled³ layer thicknesses. These structures are formed through the three-dimensional packing of spheres, or the filled interstitial spaces around sphere templates (which are then removed), respectively. The optical properties of the resulting materials can be engineered into optics components and are of interest for new technologies.

Our research group has been investigating the surface modification of and interactions among colloidal silica spheres for the past few years. Synthesized 100 nm diameter silica particles, as well as commercial colloidal and fumed silicas of well-defined structure, were coated with functionalized organosilanes. The surface coverage was analyzed by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Subsequent surface modification through wet chemistry or photochemistry was performed, and bulk structure was characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). With these tools in hand, attempts were then made to use the modified colloidal particles to build two dimensional4, then multilayer structures on patterned surfaces and image them using AFM.

References
Ni, P.; Dong, P.; Cheng, B.; Li, X.; Zhang, D. "Synthetic SiO2 Opals," Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 437-441.
Norris, D.J.; Vlasov, Y.A. "Chemical Approaches to 3-D Semiconductor Photonic Crystals," Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 442-450.
Jiang, P.; Bertone, J.F.; Hwang, K.S.; Colvin, V.L. "Single-Crystal Colloidal Multilayers of Controlled Thickness," Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 2132-2140

DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF REOVIRUS TYPE 3 ON TRANSFORMED AND
NON-TRANSFORMED CELLS

—Anthony Farone, Ph.D. and Spence Dowlen, Graduate Student Department of Biology

Reovirus Type 3 Dearing can induce apoptosis and viral lysis in cells. Studies have found that reovirus selectively kills transformed cells while having no significant effect on non-transformed cells. Using human fibroblast WI-38 cells and the transformed WI-38RA cells, we sought to investigate the apoptosis levels as well as cell viability using Hoechst/propidium iodide staining following treatment with reovirus for 2, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h. Differences in infectivity of the two cell lines were determined using an infectious center assay. It was found that reovirus exposure results in lower cell viability and higher levels of apoptosis that concurred with higher infectivity in the transformed cells compared to the non-transformed cells. It appears that the cell death observed was due to both apoptosis and viral lysis. These results provide further understanding of the mechanisms involved in reovirus-induced cell death in transformed cells. The ability of reovirus to selectively target transformed cells is currently being investigated in cancer therapy trials.

EFFICACY OF WEB-ENHANCEMENT ON THE LEVEL OF STUDENT TECHNOLOGY SKILLS
—Maria A. Smith, DSN, RN, CCRN School of Nursing

Technology has advanced rapidly in education. Several studies have been done in an attempt to identify the educational effect of technology. One common element that has evolved from this research is that the efficacy of the type of learning that is best enhanced by technology is difficult to quantify. It is also important to note that technologically enhanced educational environments maximize learning styles.

Students enter educational environments with various levels of technology skills. This skill level has been obtained through formal and informal means. Most upper division students have completed some form of introductory course to computers. Information received by students in these courses varies based on institution and faculty.

For students at lower computer skill levels, the use of numerous technologically based components in a course may be perceived as stressful. Methodologically changed teaching techniques from the known (lecture format) to the unknown (web-enhanced) may be interpreted as placing such a student at a disadvantage to learning course material. This stress could also impede acquisition of technology skills.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of a web-enhanced course on the level of student technology skills. Students in the final semester of a baccalaureate program of study were requested to self-report their technology skills prior to and upon completion of a web enhanced course. Skills evaluated included word processing, email, computer use, retrieving course materials, internet searches (simple and complex), use of internet based interactive modules, and evaluation of internet sources for applicability and quality.

Statistical analysis (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test) revealed that all skills were significantly increased (p < .05) upon course completion. Students also reported better access to course materials and faculty. Students identified that technologies presented in the course assisted them to take a more active role in their learning and would be useful in their professional practice.

Students face a global technologically based future. Rapidly growing bodies of relevant information and the escalation of knowledge and skill requirements for most jobs are requiring individuals to learn at higher rates of effectiveness and efficiency. It is imperative that educators continue to be catalyst to the acquisition of technology skills through interconnectedness of students to faculty, course materials and each other at nontraditional hours. Utilization of web-enhancement can achieve this goal. By increasing technology skill levels of students, educators can hopefully promote a high level of thinking and produce individuals more prepared to contribute to their professions and be better citizens and consumers.

THE BRAIN COMPATIBLE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM OF THE 21ST CENTURY: STRESS-FREE?
—Shelley Thomas, Ph.D. Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures

It sounds like an oxymoron -- a stress-free foreign language classroom.
Foreign Languages, like math, strike fear in the hearts of those who have tried and either failed or given up. Indeed, studies show that because it takes somewhere around eight years before a student in a traditional program can attain a certain level of fluency, the dropout rate of second language students in this type of program is as high as 95% in the United States.

Yet, since the early 60's, when psychologist Dr. James J. Asher applied the most current research on brain lateralization to foreign language acquisition methods, we have had access to a teaching technique that is virtually stress-free. Total Physical Response, or TPR, registers the second language in long-term memory, is effective for both children and adults, and produces a high level of motivation. Since the publication of his first article on TPR in the International Review of Applied Linguistics in 1965, Dr. Asher has assisted in the production of several documentary films, published over a hundred articles, and was the focus of an episode of NOVA for PBS in 1995.

Why has this method not entered into mainstream foreign language classrooms? Basically because university faculty tends to teach the way they were taught. Aside from a paragraph or two about TPR in college textbooks on methodology, there is no formal training of TPR going on at the university level. Until a curriculum incorporating alternate teaching methods is in place, the traditional style of foreign language instruction will reign supreme, despite its documented deficiencies. I believe that a program incorporating TPR into the graduate curriculum for future foreign-language instructors will at least serve to familiarize the students with alternative teaching techniques. Graduates of such a program will then be better qualified to make informed decisions of what is best for their future classrooms.

Dr. Asher recently gave me permission to use all his documentary films in a graduate telecourse that I developed for our M.A.T. students here at MTSU. To my knowledge, it is the only course of its kind in the country. I would like to give a demonstration of the technique, describe the research my graduate students are involved in, and talk about what the implications of this technique are for the future of global foreign language acquisition.

FREE LIVING AMOEBAE AS OPPORTUNISTIC HOSTS FOR INTRACELLULAR BACTERIAL PARASITES
—Anthony L. Newsome, Ph.D., Mary Farone, Ph.D. and Tony Farone, Ph.D. Department of Biology

Since the original identification of Legionella pneumophila as the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, the number of bacteria in the genus have grown to over 30 described species. Nearly one half of these species have been associated with human illness, however, over 80% of the reported cases of Legionnaires' disease are caused by L. pneumophila. A disease characteristic is the replication of bacteria within human lung cells (macrophages). The widespread occurrence of Legionella species in the environment in conjunction with the initial difficulty encountered in growing it in the laboratory suggested they might require interactions with other microorganisms to replicate and sustain themselves in the environment. Laboratory studies clearly demonstrated the ability of L. pneumophila (and some other species in the genus) to use common amoebae as a host cell for intracellular replication. More recently, the occurrence of undescribed Legionella species that are pathogens of common free living amoebae have been reported. Collectively they have been described as the Legionella-like amoebic pathogens (LLAPs) because they were capable of multiplying in the cytoplasm of amoebae and were difficult to cultivate in the laboratory. These LLAPs were originally described in Europe and were taken from a variety of environmental sources. We have recently described (in conjunction with investigators at Tennessee Technological University) the occurrence and recovery of LLAPs from a variety of habitats in the middle Tennessee area. The bacteria merit classification in the genus Legionella, can multiply in the amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga, and survive well in human cells. Furthermore, some intracellular events following infection, such as the appearance of ribosomes and mitochondria in proximity to the membrane enclosed bacteria, are common to both infected amoebae and infected human cells. These and related bacteria may be responsible for some unidentified causes of respiratory disease in humans. The exact etiologic agent for nearly half of the respiratory disease in the United States remains to be clearly defined and these bacteria may play a role in these unidentified causes of respiratory disease. Other investigators have shown that intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Chlamydia, mycobacteria, and Listeria may reside within and benefit from association with free-living amoebae such as Acanthamoeba. Collectively, these studies suggest amoebae may serve as novel opportunistic hosts to a variety of intracellular bacterial parasites that are of significance to human health and may provide a means for these human pathogens to survive in the environment.

NEXT GENERATION SPACE TELESCOPE COST MODELING: PRELIMINARY REPORT
—Gayle Reese, Graduate Student Department of Mathematics

With rapid advances in technology, predicting the cost of space-based telescopes becomes more complicated. Within the space industry, where limited historical cost data is available, parametric methods of cost estimation are utilized. This paper explores cost models for predicting the Next Generation Space Telescope's optical assembly cost using several nonstandard methods. Determination of scaling factors for segmentation, flight, and technological improvements is necessary to develop an accurate model. This analysis is complicated by issues with the data set including small sample size, missing data, and nonhomogeneity. Comparisons of space-based and ground-based telescopes are made to help find architectural design parameters that produce a telescope which meets both budgetary and functionality requirements. Preliminary results identify several significant cost drivers such as primary mirror diameter, mirror areal density, and telescope design life.

A MOVING EXPERIENCE: BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS DURING HOSPITAL RELOCATION
—Karen S. Ward, PhD, RN School of Nursing Linda M. Graham, MSN, RN, CS

Change is considered a stressor in any situation (Ward & Parsons, 2000; Lyon, 1999; Sample, 1994; Everly, 1989). The stress created by change occurs in the healthiest of people. For those individuals with identified mental/emotional deficiencies, even small changes can trigger additional problems. A major event, such as hospital relocation, causes significant stress for these hospitalized patients. Relocation stress syndrome has been identified as a nursing diagnosis (Wilkinson, 2000). The purpose of this study was to determine whether planned interventions by the staff at a psychiatric facility moving from old buildings and grounds to a new location could modify the expected stress response in their patients.

This study was a non-experimental, longitudinal, panel design with pre and post move behavioral measures. Behavioral measures, using the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE), were collected on a convenience sample of 32 long-term psychiatric patients at a large state hospital pre and post move. Fifty-six percent of the sample (n=18) were males; 44% were female (n=14). The age range was from 19-81; average age was 46. The majority of the patients carried a diagnosis of psychosis (66%, n=21), the remaining being diagnosed with organicity (22%, n=7) and mood disorder (12%, n=4). Their time in the "old" facility ranged from 4 months to slightly over 22 years; average time equaling 4.7 years. The racial mix was approximately half Caucasian (53%, n=17) and half African-American (47%, n=15). Raw scores on the NOSIE ranged from 24 to 178. There was no significant correlation between diagnosis and score. Simple mean scores for pre and post move were 116.67 and 104.96, respectively. A paired samples test revealed a significant difference (p=.001) in the two means. Although women's scores were lower on average (104.39) than men's (114.14), gender did not contribute significantly to any change in scores. Tests of within-subjects effects revealed significant (p=00 to p=.02) changes during the weeks of the study. The greatest changes occurred during the weeks surrounding the move.

Overall, relocation to a new facility had a detrimental effect on the population studied based on the scores on the NOSIE and this sample. The planned interventions were not enough to prevent some deterioration. However, it is possible that there would have been an even greater decrease in scores without such support. Additionally, some of the subjects, particularly those with organicity, might have been at a point in their illness when exacerbation would have been evident regardless of outside circumstances. In contrast to the statistical results, certain, individual patients scored higher after the move, others' scores dipped and then began an upward progression in the weeks after the move. Findings in this study support previous evidence that moves are difficult for most individuals, especially those with compromised situations (Lander, Brazil, & Ladrigan, 1997; Brugler, Titus, & Nypaver, 1993; Bellin, 1990).

ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF HERBAL EXTRACTS
—Melanie J. Messina and John M. Zamora, Ph.D. Department of Biology

The use of plants in the treatment of disease is as old as folk medicine. There are over 1500 antimicrobial and cytotoxic chemicals that have been isolated from plants. The purpose of this study was to see if the hot water extracts of several medicinal herbs, chaparral, burdock root, red clover, paud' arco, periwinkle, noni, garlic, yucca, flax seed, and yellow dock, inhibited the growth of bean sprouts. This assay is used as a screening test for allelopathy as well as for anticancer activity. Most of the herbal extracts inhibited the growth of the bean sprouts. Chapparal, yellow dock, paud' arco, and yucca were the most inhibitory. To determine what was occurring microscopically, onion root tip squashes were prepared and fixed onto slides. Altered cell morphology and differences in number of mitotic cells were observed in many of the hot water extracts. It appears that there are allelopathic chemicals in many of these medicinal herbs.

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF AMYLASE-PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS
—Shawn C. Robichaud and John M. Zamora, Ph.D., Department of Biology

Microbial enzymes are used in the baking, brewing, distilling, starch, and textile industries. Amylases are the enzymes that break down starch. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify amylase-producing organisms. Several laboratory strains of organisms were plated onto starch agar to determine if these organisms produced amylase. Soil samples were inoculated onto starch agar. Bacteria capable of breaking down the starch were isolated and identified to species. Forty organisms were grown in liquid culture and starch breakdown was determined using a spectrophotometric assay. Results were obtained and bacterial amylase units were calculated for each organism. Statistical analysis was used to determine the best starch degraders. The best starch degraders were Bacillus species. These environmental isolates may be useful in the production of amylase.

VIEW FROM AN ONLINE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: PERCEPTIONS & PRACTICES PRESENTER
—Dorothy Valcarcel Craig, Ph.D. Department of Educational Leadership

Due to the demands of a dynamic, digital-savvy student body, the average teacher employed by a U.S. school system in many cases is required to infuse technology into classroom instruction. However, the average teacher educator typically is not required to take advantage of available technology. This can be somewhat attributed to the concept of academic freedom and in part to the fact that-although working within the teacher preparation environment-many university professors view the process of teaching and learning much differently than the K-12 teacher. Therefore in many cases unless the teacher educator is technology-oriented and forward thinking, technology is not fully utilized in typical classroom sessions. Jackson (1995) suggests that this is due to the fact that many university professors conceive of teaching as a well-organized syllabus supported by clear, logical, teacher-directed presentations. Using a set of overarching, thematic questions, the study examined perceptions and practices among eight graduate students enrolled in a teacher education course. The case studies that developed were analyzed in order to provide a thick and dense description of how graduate students-both licensed teachers and future teachers-operated within an inquiry-based, technology-infused online learning environment. Taking a qualitative approach outlined by Bogdan and Biklen (1992), data sets were collected through student products; coded virtual field notes gleaned from student email, student-generated questions regarding selected topics in education, and asynchronous online discussion board postings; results and findings from individual action research projects; research papers; and online course evaluation forms. The session will present findings of the study, which was conducted over the course of one semester. Perceptions and practices within the online environment were explored and examined. Employing a thematic approach and focusing on issues and trends in public education, graduate students engaged dialog, discourse, and practitioner action research within their own K-12 classrooms. Findings indicate that the patterns of online use and teleresearch among participants encouraged the same practices in the K-12 environment and provided a model for technology use for teachers and students.

GROUP 16 INORGANIC MATERIALS
—Judith Iriarte-Gross Department of Chemistry

Participation in research project, interaction with a faculty mentor, and being an active member of a researaach group are important experiences for all students. In this research group, high school students in Project SEED, a program of the American Chemical Society, and MTSU undergraduate and graduage students investigate various aspects of Group 16 materials chemistry. Group 16 is the oxygen family on the periodic table. All students in the Iriarte-Gross research group are introduced to fundamental laboratory skills including safety techniques and library searching, synthesis of selenium or tellurium sol-gel materials using inert atmosphere techniques, and analytical methods such as IR and NMR. All students synthesize and characterize a specific selenium or tellurium alkoxide for their project. An alkoxide is a compound that is used as a starting reagent in the synthesis of a sol-gel glass or ceramic material. Sol-gel materials are synthesized at room temperature, in contrast to the traditional high temperature methods of producing glasses and ceramics. We have synthesized Te(OjPr)4, tellurium isopropoxide. We are exploring the synthesis of selenium and tellurium alkoxides using a new route, etherolysis. All Group 16 materials are characterized using H-1, C-13, Se-77, and Te-125 NMR spectroscopy and IR spectrophotomerty.

THE EFFECTS OF RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN ON THE ACTIVITY OF DNA TOPOISOMERASE II
—Andrew Burden, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry.

Topoisomerase II is a critical cellular target for chemotherapy in the treatment of many cancers. Despite the importance of topoisomerase II in cancer therapeutics, little is understood regarding the mechanism of in vivo regulation of topoisomerase II activity, an issue which may bear on the sensitivity of cancer cells to topoisomerase II-targeting drugs. Protein-protein interactions between topoisomerase II and several other proteins have been demonstrated to modulate activity of the enzyme, with some proteins having a positive effect and some a negative effect on the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II. One such system that has been studied is that of the interaction of topoisomerase II with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. Retinoblastoma protein has been shown to inhibit the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II by physical interaction with the enzyme. Such an effect has been demonstrated in vitro, and there is evidence to suggest it occurs in vivo. Similar results have been obtained in studying interactions of topoisomerase II with histone deacetylase. The molecular mechanism by which these interactions affect the activity of topoisomerase II are unknown. Furthermore, the physiological significance of these interactions remains obscure. Research is currently ongoing or proposed to address both of these issues, involving both in vitro enzyme assays (ongoing) as well as cell cycle studies (proposed).

THE RISK-SHIFTING IMPLICATIONS OF PRIVATIZED SOCIAL SECURITY WITH BAILOUT
—Stuart J Fowler, Ph.D. Department of Economics and Finance

We calculate the intergenerational risk-shifting resulting from privatized Social Security with guarantees of bailout. We find the probability of a Social Security crises increases from 7 to 26 percent with 19 percent of all bailouts involving the purchasing of the total value of the trust fund assets.

The moral hazard induced by offers of bailout does not significantly increase
relative return risk, however. Rather, guarantees of bailout increase the
size but not the probability of fiscal crises with this effect being too small to
diminish the positive impact of the reallocation of risk from bailout. We
find, on average, welfare increases and, relative to an economy without
bailout guarantees, lifetime consumption variance decreases thus making
bailout an improving policy.

Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Water But Were Afraid To Ask
—Dara Grissom, Student and Dr. Judith Iriarte-Gross, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry.

Our goals in this research project were to make the Introduction to Physical Science course more attractive to the non-science major, to show students the connection of chemistry to the various non-science disciplines, and to show the students that chemistry does play an integral role in their lives. Water is a resource that is a fundamental to everyday living and all people recognize this, even the non-science major. Water plays an important role in almost every function that we take part in such as biological, chemical, and recreational functions. However, there is much about water that we do not understand and want to know about, but for some reason are afraid to ask. In my research, I have taken these curiosities into mind and have begun to find the answers to the questions by designing and testing new labs about the properties of water. With a grant from the MTSU Technology Access Funds, we were able to buy TI-83+ graphing calculators and Vernier equipment to develop these chemistry labs. A grant from the College of Basic and Applied Sciences Undergraduate Research Committee provided me with the time to conduct this research. We will discuss how the new labs were developed and implemented in this course and present our findings and some comments from our students

LEADERS' AND WORKERS' PERSPECTIVES OF HEALTH IN THE NURSING ENVIRONMENT
—Anita B. Crockett, PhD, RN School of Nursing

Recent studies suggest a fundamental flaw in the design of nursing work environments on an international scale. Is it structural, functional, procedural, or motivational? We can no longer ignore the connection between work and health in nursing environments. The premise of this study is that considering the essence of health in the work environment is a start to solving the nursing shortage. This study investigated health and work with regard to time, space, movement using twelve participants from four state and national U.S. nursing membership organizations using Denzin's Interpretive Interactionism.

Five interdependent themes emerged: dominion-health as influence on and accountability for work; directionality-multilevel forms and expressions of energy as health; boundaries-spectrum of health for striving, overcoming and conserving; channeling-health as connection to others and self as integral with life and work; ambience-health as need for humans and physical surroundings in subtle and obvious ways.

A composite organizational theme from the shared perspectives of the participants in each organization suggested a telescoping spiraling toward complexity: congealing-health as a substrate; coming into our own-health as a mantle; humming-health as harmony; evolving-health as maturity.

Creating healthful work environments can assure the retention of what nursing workforce remains and may be a key to developing nursing workforce for the future.

CHEMISTRY BEYOND CHEMISTRY: INTRODUCING NEW TECHNOLOGY-BASED LABS FOR THE NON-SCIENCE MAJOR
—Dara Grisson, Graduate Student, School of Nursing and Judith Iriarte-Gross, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry

An Introduction to Physical Science is the general education requirement for over 800 students per semester at Middle Tennessee State University. It is a one-semester four-credit course that includes a weekly two-hour lab component. The course serves students with diverse majors such as Social Work, English, education, and Recording Industry Management. With a grant from the MTSU Technology Access Funds, we were able to buy TI-83+ graphing calculators and Vernier equipment to revise the chemistry labs for this course. Our goals were to make this course more attractive to the non-science major, to show students the connection of chemistry to the various non-science disciplines, and to show the students that chemistry does play an integral role in their lives. We will discuss how the new labs were developed and implemented in this course and present our findings and some comments from our students.

PARTNERS: EMPOWERING WOMEN IN 3 SOUTH AFRICAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS TO DELIVER HIV/AIDS EDUCATION
—Peggy O'Hara-Murdock, Ph.D., *et. al, Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Safety


Theoretical Model. The PARTNERS Project was designed to deliver HIV/AIDS information and prevention and to reduce HIV/AIDS risk behaviors using a peer education model that has a history of success in AIDS education and prevention
(1-3). Campbell & Mzaidume (4) suggest that the success of peer education for disadvantaged settings is dependent on increasing social capital of the communities through 3 key factors: (1) enhanced self-efficacy through empowering peer leaders; (2) the re-negotiation of existing social and sexual norms; and (3), health enabling activities which take place as a result of the peer education process. Based on this empowerment/social influences model, PARTNERS was developed for 3 Durban, South African informal settlement communities.

Program Design. In Phase 1 of the study's development, investigators held focus groups with informal settlement residents chosen as Program Leaders to establish health priorities and develop strategies for HIV/AIDS prevention that were culturally relevant and language appropriate.

Materials Development & Training. In Phase 2, at MTSU educational manuals and materials were designed. At the University of Durban-Westville MTSU faculty trained Program Leaders to train Peer Educators, to implement the program in their community, and, the protocol for program monitoring and data collection. Twenty four Peer Educators were trained, received a PARTNERS kit containing nametags, low literacy education materials, male and female condoms for demonstration and certificates for workshop participants.

Intervention. Forty-eight workshops were held for women in the 3 informal settlements to address topics of HIV/AIDS prevention, sanitation and hygiene basics. The 477 women residents who attended the workshops received a small stipend and a certificate for taking the workshop information to two households in their neighborhood.

Results were measured by a pre-post knowledge test of Peer Educators and a 6 months post-intervention focus group interview of Program Leaders. Data collected from the workshops showed that 1467 households received HIV/AIDS information. After a6 months the Peer Educators reported an increased sense of control over health issues as a result of the leadership they had taken in HIV/AIDS education. Social and sexual norms in the communities were addressed when workshops were held in open areas, clinics and households and when program materials were disseminated. PARTNERS demonstrated that informal settlement communities have existing resources which can be utilized to provide effective, yet low cost HIV/AIDS education and prevention.

*Hari P. Garbharran, Ph.D., Department of Geography, Martha J. Edwards, Ed.D., Adams Chair of Excellence in Health Care Services, Maria A. Smith, Ph.D., School of Nursing, Johnny L. Lutchmiah, M.A., University of Durban-Westville, South Africa, and Makhosi Mkhize, Department of Health, Durban, South Africa.

ASSESSMENT OF ONLINE TECHNOLOGIES TO TEACH STATISTICS
—Leann Hooge, Graduate Student and Ginger Rowell-Holmes and Ileah McKee, Collaborators, Department of Mathematical Sciences

Statistics education is an increasing pertinent subject to today's educational society, which has been frequently overlooked in the past. With current technological advances and the vast availability of electronic resources, educators are often unaware of the most effective resources for the conceptual understanding of K-16 statistics education. The ongoing goal of this project is to find, assess, and provide the most effective resources for educators. Effectiveness is determined by assessing the resources according to a rating rubric, as well as by teacher input and analysis. This rubric, which the collaboration team has developed, consists of evaluating the mathematical, technological, and educational components of java applets and other online, interactive technologies. From this rubric, the assessment of the resources will result in a list of most effective online, interactive statistical resources for educators. Throughout the study, our findings will be posted on the project's website, a searchable database categorized by topic and grade level. By the end of the project, other technological resources, including conceptual-based software and other online resources, will be evaluated for their effectiveness, with a final report given at the Joint Statistical Meetings in New York City in August 2002.

Ronald E. McNair Post-Baccalaureate Achievement Program at MTSU
—Freneka Minter, Student, E. Ray Phillips, Ph.D., Director, Judith Iriarte-Gross, Ph.D., & Linda Brown, Coordinator,  McNair Scholars Program

The McNair Scholars Program prepares junior and senior undergraduate students for research in a Ph.D program. At MTSU, scholars work closely with a faculty mentor each summer on a specific research project. The scholars also attend workshops that covers topics such GRE preparation, research presentations, and about the graduate school application process. This presentation will highlight the research projects of 2001-2002 academic year.