THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION(S)

   I.  Basic Assumptions
       A.  Perceived reality is reality
       B.  When perception becomes reality, reality becomes irrelevant
       C.  You cannot not communicate
       D.  Ideas have impact

  II.  The Physical, Biological and Social/Behavioral Sciences
 
 III.  Some Definitions
       A.  The transfer of information
       B.  Influence
       C.  Human relations

  IV.  What is information?
       A.  Any content that reduces the uncertainty. . .
       B.  . . . or the number of possibilities. . . 
       C.  . . . in a given situation

   V.  Functions of Communication
       A.  Functions of the sender
           1.  Inform
           2.  Teach
           3.  Please
           4.  Propose or Persuade 
       B.  Functions of the receiver  
           1.  Understand
           2.  Learn
           3.  Enjoy
           4.  Dispose or Decide

  VI.  The meaning of a message
       A.  Does not exist in the message or in the signal, but in people.
       B.  Is dependent on
           1.  Context
           2.  Feelings and Attitudes

 VII.  The Nature of Language
       1.  Arbitrary
       2.  Situational
       3.  Tyrannical

VIII. Communications Models
      A.  Background
      B.  Parts
          1.  Sender
          2.  Receiver
          3.  Message
          4.  Transmitter
          5.  Channel
          6.  Noise
              a.  Internal
              b.  External
          7.  Feedback
      C.  Development of Models
          1.  Claude Shannon / Warren Weaver
          2.  Norbert Weiner
          3.  Wilbur Schramm

  IX.  The Process of Perception
       A.  Distal Stimulus
           1.  Redundancy
           2.  Familiarity
           3.  Duration
       B.  Environmental Arc
           1.  Air	          
           2.  Context
           3.  Light       
           4.  Contrast
           5.  Noise
           6.  Etc.
       C.  Sensory Receptors
       D.  Internal Mediating Conditions
           1.  Mood
           2.  Culture                
           3.  Expectations
           4.  Self-Concept
           5.  Emotional State
           6.  Current Role
           7.  Stereotypes
       E.  The Mind and the Percept
           1.  The message exists in the minds of the sender and receiver
           2.  Is the sender's message the same as the receiver's?
           3.  Coorientation and mass media

                     LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION 

   I.  Psychological
       A.  Evocative
       B.  Cognitive
       C.  Ideological

  II.  Conversational
       A.  Maslow's Hierarchy
           1.  Physiological
           2.  Safety
           3.  Belonging
           4.  Esteem
           5.  Self-Actualization
       B.  Chapman's Levels of Communication
           1.  Hallway talk
           2.  Reporter talk
           3.  Intellectual 
           4.  Emotional
           5.  Honest
       C.  Levels of Conversational Communication  
           1.  Cliche conversation
           2.  Reporting facts
           3.  My ideas and judgments
           4.  My feelings
           5.  Peak communications

 III.  Structural-Functional
       A.  Intrapersonal
           1.  Basic elements
               a.  Transmitters
               b.  Processors
               c.  Receivers
           2.  The process of perception
               a.  Distal stimulus
               b.  Environmental arc
               c.  Sensory receptors and proximal stimulation
               d.  Internal mediating conditions
       B.  Interpersonal
           1.  Transactions that allow all participants and approximately equal
               opportunity to send overt messages
               a.  Interviews
               b.  Conversations
 	       c.  Committee Meetings
 	       d.  Group discussions
            2. Channels
               a.  Verbal
               b.  Nonverbal
                     i.  Culture-Dependent
                    ii.  More important than verbal
                   iii.  High validity for feelings, attitudes, 
                         relationships, etc.
            3. Characteristics
               a.  Episodic
               b.  Impulsive
               c.  Fragmented
           4.  Reporters v. Story tellers
       C.  Public
           1.  Speeches, lectures, etc.
           2.  Characteristics
               a.  Impersonal
               b.  Rigid control of the channel
               c.  Calculated use of message cues
               d.  Restriction of roles
           3.  Comparison with interpersonal
               a.  Less accurate
               b.  Quieter
               c.  Faster
               d.  Looks more planned
               e.  Works less well for problem solving
       D.  Mass Communication
           1.  Characteristics
               a.  Input/output ratio
               b.  Organization and standardization
               c.  Feedback
               d.  Gatekeeper
                   i.  Two-step flow
                  ii.  Diffusion of innovation
           2.  Functions
               a.  Share knowledge of the environment
               b.  Socialize new members
               c.  Entertainment
               d.  Gain consensus
           3.  Theories of selectivity
               a.  Consistency
                   i.  Cognitive dissonance
                  ii.  Theories of exposure
                           Selective exposure
                           Selective perception
                           Selective interpretation
                           Selective recall
                 iii.  Theories of social influence
                           Individual differences
                           Social categories
                           Social relationships
                           Cultural norms
               b.  Utility
                   i.  Information
                  ii.  Socialization
                 iii.  Diversion
               c.  Passive audience
           4.  Psychological Dynamics of Mass Communication
	       a.  Construction of reality
               b.  Acquisition of beliefs and images
               c.  Construction is highly selective
               d.  Assimilation of information
               e.  Maintenance of cognitive consistency

                             VIOLENCE IN THE MEDIA

   I.    Background

  II.   Qualitative and Quantitative Problems

 III.  The role of violence in society
       A.  Stanley Milgram and obedience to authority
       B.  Jane Elliott and "Blue Eyed/Brown Eyed"
       C.  Phil Zimbardo and the Stanford prison study

  IV.  Theories of Media Violence
       A.  Catharsis - Media provide an outlet for frustrations
       B.  Aggressive Cues
           1.  Stimulus-Response
           2.  Media provide "cues" for behavior
       C.  Observational Learing
           1.  Media provide models for behavior
           2.  Albert Bandura and the bo-bo doll experiment
       D.  Reinforcement - Media reinforce pre-existing tendencies
       E.  Cultivation - Symbolic media world shapes real-world perceptions
           1.  George Gerbner
           2.  George Plimpton

                       (end of part 1)


                               MEDIA AND SOCIETY
                               Ideas and History

   I.  Basic Assumptions
       A.  Ideas represent a real force in determining events
       B.  Things don't "just happen"
           1.  Determinism
           2.  Free will
       C.  Myth complexes

  II.  Perspectives
       A.  Weltanschauung
           1.  Collectivistic
           2.  Individualistic
       B.  Major thinkers
           1.  Karl Marx - Class position determines the validity of ideas
           2.  Emile Durkheim - Ideas are determined by social structure
       C.  Ideas and the historic setting
 
 III.  Four Theories of the Press
       A. Collectivistic
          1.  Authoritarian
               a.  Philosophical background
                   i.  Plato - The Republic
                  ii.  Machiavelli - The Prince
                 iii.  Hobbes - Leviathan
               b.  Relationships
                   i.  The nature of the individual
                  ii.  The nature of the state
                 iii.  The nature of knowledge
               c.  Means of control
                   i.  Licensing of printing
                  ii.  Licensing of individual works
                 iii.  Prosecution
                  iv.  Kept press
                   v.  Taxation
                  vi.  Censorship / Prior Restraint
                            The Strange Case of the SR-71
                            Progressive v. United States
          2.  Soviet totalitarian
              a.  Social background
              b.  Major writers
                  i.  Frederich Hegel and the dialectic
                      Thesis
                      Antithesis
                      Synthesis
                 ii.  Karl Marx and economic determinism
              c.  Soviet media
                  i.  Used as instruments of the party
                 ii.  Owned by the state
                iii.  Close integration with other elements
              c.  Soviet vs. other totalitarian systems
              d.  Some definitional problems
      B.  Individualistic
          1.  Libertarian
              a.  Philosophical background
                  i.  Sir Isaac Newton
                 ii.  The individual and society
                iii.  Functions
              b.  Proponents
                  i.  John Milton - Areopagitica
                 ii.  John Stuart Mill - On Liberty
                iii.  John Locke - An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
           2.  Neoliberal
               a.  Philosophical background
                   i.  Charles Darwin - The process of change
                  ii.  Werner Heisenberg - The process of observation
                 iii.  Albert Einstein - The process of truth
              b.  Major elements
                  i.  The nature of nature
                 ii.  Context
                iii.  Meaning and process
                 iv.  The nature of truth
              c.  Weltanschauung
                  i.  The nature of man
                      People have a rational component
                      But sentiment and emotion are important, too
                 ii.  The nature of the state
                        Society takes precedence over the individual
                          The state has the capacity to solve problems
                          The state must solve problems between
                            individuals	
                          Individuals must be assisted in exercising their freedoms 
                iii.  The relationship of man to the state
                        People are social creatures
	                Morality is duty to the community
	                Rights are social and are earned
                 iv.  The nature of knowledge
                        Truth is not absolute
                        Debate is inconclusive
              d.  Social responsibility theory of the press
                  1.  Background
                       Alexis de Tocquiville - Democracy in America
                       Hutchins Commission - A Free and Responsible Press
                 ii.  Functions of the press
                        Provide truth and balance
                        Forum for the exchange of ideas
                        Represent constituent groups
                        Present and clarify goals
                        Provide full access to the day's intelligence
                iii.  Media control
                        The media themselves
                        The public
                        The government

IV.  Media Control
     A.  Accountability and Sanctions
         1.  Employers
         2.  Audiences
         3.  Courts
         4.  Media Critics
         5.  Ombudsmen
         6.  News Councils
         7.  Peers
         8.  Ourselves
     B.  Control by the Media
     C.  Control by the Public
     D.  Control by the Government

V.  Control by the Media
    A.  Codes of Ethics

VI. Control by the Public
    A.  The Process
        1.  Monitor the media
        2.  Find an applicable law
        3.  Negotiate a solution
    B.  Action Groups
        1.  Action for Children's Television
        2.  Accuracy in Media
        3.  Coalition for Better Television
        4.  office of Communication, United Church of Christ
    C.  John Banzhaf and Cigarette Commercials
    D.  Social Control

V.  Control by the Government
    A.  Access
        1.  Tornillo
        2.  Broadcasting
    B.  Government Regulatory Agencies
        1.  Federal Trade Commission
        2.  Federal Communications Commission
            a.  Philosophical Background
            b.  Rules and Regulations
        3.  National Labor Relations Board
        4.  Securities and Exchange Commission
        5.  Department of Energy
        6.  Postal Service
        7.  Other

                          Introduction to Mass Media Law

   I.  First Amendment
       A.  Government vs. business
       B.  Strict scrutiny

  II.  Broadcast
       A.  Public interest, convenience and necessity
       B.  Section 315

 III.  Time, Place, Manner
       A.  Strict Scrutiny
       B.  Location

  IV.  Defamation
       A.  Definition
           1.  Publication
           2.  Identification
           3.  Defamation
       B.  Fault
       C.  Public officials vs. public figures vs. private figures

   V.  Invasion of Privacy
       A.  Background
       B.  Types
       C.  Defenses
 
  VI.  Pornography and Obscenity
       A.  Constitutional protection
       B.  Miller three-part test

 VII.  Records and Meetings
       A.  Tennessee open records & meetings
       B.  Federal Freedom of Information Act

VIII.  Media & National Security 
       A.  Right of access
       B.  Right to publish

  IX.  Internet 
       A.  First Amendment concerns
       B.  Blocking software

   X.  Free Press / Fair Trial
       A.  State vs. federal
       B.  Criminal vs. civil
       C.  Trials vs. motion hearings

                         (end of part 2)

                     Elements of Business Structure

  I.  Key Elements
      A.  Who Owns What
          1.  Monopoly
       	  2.  Cross-Ownership
          3.  Chains and Groups
  	  4.  Conglomerates
          5.  Affiliation Agreements
      B.  Corporate Structure
          1.  Industries
          2.  Businesses

II.   Centralization and Concentration
      A.  The Importance of Distribution
          1.  Movies
	  2.  Radio-Television
	  3.  Recordings
          4.  Print
      B.  Impact on Content

III.  Media as a Social System
      A.  Audiences
          1.  Behavioral Categories
              a.  Social Categories
              b.  Social Relationships
              c.  Cultural Norms
          2.  Content Categories
              a.  Lowbrow
              b.  Middlebrow
              c.  Highbrow
          3.  Impact Categories
              a.  Magic Bullet/Hypodermic
              b.  Agenda Setting
      B.  Financial Backers
      C.  Market Analysts
          1.  Personal Judgment
          2.  Sampling
          3.  Sales
          4.  Market Research
      D.  Production
          1.  Find what the audience wants and give it to them
          2.  Audiences
              a.  Attract new members
              b.  Don't drive the old members away
          3.  Loyalty
              a.  Long-term
              b.  Short-term
          4.  Competition
              a.  Counter-Programming
              b.  Do what you do best
      E.  Distribution
      F.  Official Regulatory Bodies
      G.  Legislative Bodies
      H.  Voluntary Associations

 IV.  Advertising
      A.  Philosophical Background
          1.  Mass Production
          2.  Distribution
          3.  Marketing
          4.  Advertising
      B.  Major Criticisms
	  1.  Persuades us to buy goods we don’t need
	  2.  Appeals to emotion rather than intellect
	  3.  Biased
	  4.  Conflicting claims
	  5.  Repetitious
	  6.  Vulgar
	  7.  Subliminal advertising
      C.  Advertising and the FTC
          1.  Development of Regulation
              a.  Laissez-Faire Capitalism
              b.  Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
              c.  Federal Trade Commission (1914)
              d.  Wheeler-Lea Amendment (1938)
              e.  False, Deceptive and Unfair Ads
          2.  Deregulation
                          
                               HISTORY

 I.   China

II.   Europe
      A.  Distribution
      B.  Johann Guttenberg and movable type
          1.  Changes in media
          2.  Changes in message
          3.  Changes in audience
      C.  Controls
          1.  King Henry VIII
          2.  Queen Mary
              a.  Stationers Company
              b.  Court of the Star Chamber
      D.  New developments    
          A.  Production
          B.  Distribution

III.  America
      A.  Colonial Period
          1.  Bay Psalm Book
          2.  Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic
          3.  John Peter Zenger
          4.  First Amendment
      B.  1800's
          1.  Who's Who
              a.  Benjamin Day
              b.  Horace Greeley
              c.  Joseph Pulitzer
              d.  William Randolph Hearst
          2.  Spanish-American War
      C.  Post-World War II
          1.  Specialization
          2.  Concentration
          3.  Technology
              a.  Print
              b.  Broadcast
              c.  Internet

                               RECORDING

 I.  Philosophical Background
     A.	Most personal of all media
     B. Most pervasive of all media
     C.	Cultural Gap

II.  Major Periods in the History of Sound Recording
     A.	1877-1923:  Discovery and Experimentation
	  1.  Charles Gros
	  2.  Thomas Edison
	  3.  Emil Berliner
	  4.  Vladimir Pooulson
	  5.  Enrico Caruso
	  6.  ASCAP
     B.	1924-1945:  Technical Improvements and Financial Crisis
     C.	1945-1966:  Technical Rebirth and Social Change
	  1.  Technical Improvements in Electromagnetic Recording
	      a.  Ampex
	      b.  3-M
	  2.  Improvements in Records and Playback Systems
	      a.  CBS
	      b.  RCA
	  3.  Television
	  4.  Changes in Marketing
	  5.  Revolution in Content
	      a.  The Development of Rock-'n'-Roll
		  i.   Rhythm-'n'-Blues
		  ii.  Country-Western
		  iii. White Popular
		    iv.  Folk
		    v.   Jazz
              b.  Formation of BMI
              c.  Social Context
     D. 1967 - Present
        1. Sgt. Pepper
        2. Abby Road
        3. Message Music
        4. Soft Rock
        5. Hard Rock
        6. Disco
        7. New Wave
        8. Rap
     E. Current Issues
        1.  Drug Lyrics
        2.  Occult Lyrics
	3.  Christian Rock
        4.  Backward Masking